水产动物基因资源和分子育种的研究与应用

基因组测序技术及各种组学技术的革命性进步,促进了基因资源发掘和分子育种技术的跨跃式发展。随着越来越多的水产动物基因组项目相继启动,水产动物基因资源和分子育种研发也随之进入快车道,为实现水产资源深度发掘利用和经济动物的批量快速育种奠定了重要的组学基础。我国在水产养殖动物基因组研究方面处于国际领先地位,但基因资源的利用及分子育种技术的研发仍存在巨大挑战。本文分析了农业领域分子育种及基因资源研究的国内外形势,展望了我国水产动物领域面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了一些具体建议以供参考。     

睡莲属叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性及系统发育分析

睡莲属植物是具有重要的经济、药用和观赏价值的原始被子植物.分析其叶绿体基因组编码区密码子的使用特征,以22种睡莲的叶绿体基因组为研究对象,对睡莲叶绿体基因组密码子的偏好性及睡莲属植物间的进化关系进行了系统分析.结果表明,22种睡莲植物叶绿体基因组密码子适应指数(codon adaptation index,CAI)为0...     

金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA提取方法的比较

为寻求一种较为实用的金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）基因组DNA提取方法,对酶解法、十二烷基硫酸钠（Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）法、FDA法、热裂解法等常见的4种不同提取方法进行了改良和比较.结果表明,4种方法中,SDS法提取的DNA质量最好,检测灵敏度高,当金黄色葡萄球菌的DNA稀释至2.95 pg或更少时,SDS法还能够通过PCR将其检测出来;并且该方法的稳定性好,经济性高,是金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA理想的提取方法.     

一种快速微量提取柑橘早期胚基因组DNA的方法

[目的]建立一种快速微量提取柑橘基因组DNA的方法。[方法]采用优化的CTAB微量提取法,以20.0、10.0、5.0、2.5 mg早期杂种胚为材料进行基因组DNA的提取,并对其DNA进行质量检测和SSR验证。[结果]该方法简单易行,所需材料少,提取的DNA纯度较高,OD260nm/OD280nm在1.800～2.000,可满足SSR等以PCR扩增为基础的试验需要。[结论]建立的方法可以用于快速微量提取柑橘基因组DNA。     

线虫线粒体基因组全序列分析研究进展

 线虫(nematode)种类繁多,生活方式多样,一部分线虫可寄生于动物和植物体内,引起线虫病(nematodiasis),其中旋毛虫病、猪蛔虫病等是重要的人兽共患寄生虫病,在中国和世界各地普遍流行,危害严重。本文将对线虫线粒体基因组的研究进展、应用和今后发展方向做一简要综述。迄今,已完成46种线虫的线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析。线虫线粒体基因组的碱基组成、基因结构、基因变异等方面有其特点,这些分析结果为线形动物门线粒体功能基因组学研究、比较基因组学研究、分子分类学研究、虫种(株)鉴定与分类、分子系统发育和进化分析等提供了重要依据和指导作用,为线虫病诊断、分子流行病学调查等分子检测方法的建立提供参考依据。     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the domestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand and its phylogenic position within the family Cervidae

We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the semidomestic red deer (Cervus elaphus) of New Zealand. The genome was 16 357 bp long and contained 13 protein‐coding genes, 12SrRNA, 16SrRNA, 22 tRNAs and a D‐loop as found in other mammals. Database homology searches showed that the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence from the New Zealand semidomestic deer was similar to partial mtDNA sequences from the European, Norwegian (C. e. atlanticus) and Spanish red deer (C. e. hispanicus). Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial protein‐coding regions revealed two well‐defined monophyletic clades in subfamilies Cervinae and Muntiacinae. However, red deer and Sika deer were not found to be close relatives. The analysis did identify the red deer as a sister taxon of a Samber/Sika deer clade, although it was more closely related to the Samber than the Sika group.     

猪毛干部位基因组DNA的三种提取方法比较

通过比较三种猪毛干基因组DNA提取方法,改进了提取猪毛干基因组DNA的技术方法。将DNA提取物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外可见分光光度计及PCR扩增分析,结果表明,在毛干中能成功提取到基因组DNA,其浓度和纯度足以满足分子生物学技术试验的要求,该技术还可以减少对动物的伤害,在样品不易获得的濒危动物研究中尤为适用。     

棉花叶绿体基因组的研究进展

近年来,随着分子生物学技术的应用与发展,对棉花叶绿体基因组也有了新认识。本文概述了棉花叶绿体基因组的研究进展,从棉花叶绿体基因组的图谱、功能基因的克隆及研究、叶绿体RNA编辑以及叶绿体转化等方面进行了介绍和评述,并对其在基础研究与应用研究中的前景进行了展望。     

74种鸟类线粒体基因组碱基组成及特征分析

 在鸟类线粒体基因组中,不同物种的线粒体碱基组成和特性存在明显的差异。截至2008年5月,GenBank细胞器基因组资源数据库共公布了74种鸟类线粒体全基因组数据。本研究利用已公布的鸟类线粒体基因组全序列分析其碱基组成特征。结果表明：(1)鸟类线粒体基因组密码子第二位的GC含量值波动范围十分狭窄,而密码子第三位的GC含量值波动范围很大。(2) 密码子第三位碱基中C的含量波动范围较大,为32.60%-50.70%。(3)线粒体基因组GC含量主要由密码子第三位的碱基C和T的变化引起。(4)密码子第三位碱基的GC含量与线粒体基因组的GC含量的变化存在相关性。这些结果,为今后鸟类线粒体基因组的深入研究提供借鉴和参考资料。     

Inter- and intraspecific sequence variations of the chloroplast genome in wild and cultivated Raphanus

To assess the differentiation of the chloroplast genome in wild and cultivated species of Raphanus , nucleotide sequence polymorphisms were investigated for approximately 2 kbp ranging from trnL (UAA) to psbG in R. raphanistrum and R. sativus . Eighteen plants of wild species, 10 Japanese wild radish plants ( R. sativus ), and 31 cultivated plants were used for sequence analysis. Intraspecific variations of the chloroplast genome were present both in wild and cultivated Raphanus . All three genes investigated ( trnL , trnF and ndhJ ) contained nucleotide substitutions within the genus. Whereas, larger numbers of mutations were observed in the intergenic regions. Using the detected variations, the 59 radish plants were classified into 11 haplotypes, seven of which were unique to wild species. Among the haplotypes, one type corresponded completely with the Ogura male sterile cytoplasm. All the cultivated radishes belonged to one of four types, of which three were also observed in Japanese wild radish. The haplotypes were classified into four groups by cluster analysis, and the distribution in the dendrogram confirmed that cultivated radish has multiple origins. On the other hand, the seven haplotypes uniquely observed in R. raphanistrum were considered as useful materials to provide genetic diversity of cytoplasm for breeding of cultivated radishes.